#Ringkasan novel laskar pelangi lengkap series

In fact, Montesquieu held the view that man did possess free will and was able to make, consciously or subconsciously, choices from among a series of avenues of escape or adaptation. The interplay of ‘physical’ and ‘moral’ causes was extended to be the factor which established the character of a society or nation which guided the choice of the society or nation to operate freely in the environment. It is interesting to note that Montesquieu, who had also developed the idea of climatic determinism, sought for an alternative explanation to recognise what he called the ‘esprit general’, or the general spirit of a nation. The idea of Plato went into obscurity for thousands of years after him, but the contrasting idea of determinism continued to grow and flourish upto the eighteenth century when Montesquieu (1689-1755) developed a philosophy highly resembling the nineteenth/twentieth century paradigm of possibilism. It can, therefore, be said that a philosophy resembling possibilism had its origin in the classical antiquity, but Plato did not express it clearly. The view expressed by Plato about capabilities of man was very close to the philosophy of possibilism. This deduction based on a priori theory became a legitimate basis for enquiries in the subsequent centuries. It was he who formulated the idea of man as an agent of change on the Earth’s surface. Proceeding from general to the particular, Plato sought to infer that men tended to make changes in the land they occupied and soil erosion and land destruction were parts of their material culture.

Plato (428-348 B.C.), who was the master of deductive reasoning, said that the observable things on the Earth were only poor copies of ideas, or perfect predicates from which observable things had degenerated or were in the process of degeneration.

Ringkasan novel laskar pelangi lengkap